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In order to optimize the spatial layout of peanut production and clarify the regional characteristics of the peanut industry in Liaoning of China, the regional comparative advantage analysis, spatial Gini coefficient, geographical concentration index, and cost-benefit analysis were applied in this study to investigate the peanut production. The changes in production patterns from 2005 to 2022 were analyzed and the key driving factors were identified. The results showed that during this period, the peanut planting area and total output in Liaoning increased significantly by 1.2 and 2.5 times, respectively. Peanut has become the core oil crop in the province. However, yield stability remains insufficient and consistently lags behind the national average. Regions with a scale advantage in peanut production evolved in stages, since 2016, have been concentrated in Fuxin, Jinzhou, and Huludao. Efficiency advantages require further improvement, while overall advantages have gradually concentrated in Huludao. In terms of spatial patterns, peanut production in Liaoning has been chronically exhibiting a high degree of geographic concentration. The natural conditions of western and northwestern Liaoning are the primary drivers of this spatial evolution. Peanut production also competes with grain crops for resources. Although low labor input provides a low-cost advantage, peanut faced greater price volatility and declining market competitiveness in recent years. Nevertheless, the profit margin of peanut production remains higher than that of japonica rice and maize in Liaoning, providing strong economic incentives for continued peanut expansion.
Neuropeptide F(NPF), a type of neuropeptide specific to invertebrates, plays a crucial role in insect growth, development, physiological activities, and behavior. However, its biological function in Holotrichia parallela, a major subterranean pest of peanut, remains unclear. In this study, RNA interference(RNAi) was used to silence the NPF gene in adult H. parallela, and comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the gene expression changes in the head and antennal tissues. The results showed that NPF expression was significantly suppressed after 72 h post-NPF interference, achieving a silencing efficiency of 73.24%. Based on the transcriptome data, a total of 677 and 805 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified in the head and antenna, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to immune response, metabolic processes, and other biological functions. Specifically, NPF knockdown led to the downregulation of several key genes in the Toll and Imd signaling pathway, suggesting a potential role for NPF as a positive regulator of innate immunity in insects. Meanwhile, significant changes were observed in the expression of genes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, supporting the involvement of NPF in energy homeostasis. In addition, differential expression was detected in the antennal genes mapping to the sensory system pathway, implying that NPF may also plays a role in the regulation of chemosensation and olfaction. In conclusion, the multiple roles of NPF in the physiological regulation of H. parallela from a transcriptomic perspective was elucidated in this study, providing a theoretical basis for exploring the regulatory mechanisms of this neuropeptide in coleopteran pests and for developing sustainable pest control strategies.
In this study, the control effects of three bacterial wilt-resistant peanut varieties combining with seed coatings and bio-control agents on the soil-borne diseases were investigated. Observations and analyses were conducted on the seedling emergence rate, disease incidence rate at initial and mid-flowering stages, biological traits of mature plants, and pod yield per plot. The results showed that the average seedling emergence rate of peanuts ranged from 83.33% to 99.17%. The incidence of soil-borne diseases in the initial flowering stage of peanuts ranged from 0.00% to 2.73%, with the lowest disease incidence in the Trichoderma treatment and the highest in the control, with no significant difference between treatments. The disease incidence in the mid-flowering stage ranged from 2.92% to 14.17%, with the lowest disease incidence in the seed coating of Liangdun treatment and the highest in the control, with no significant difference between treatments. Among the varieties, the disease incidence of variety Kanghuang1 was the lowest, and that of variety Fuhua3 was the highest, and the variety Fuhua3 showed significant differences in disease incidence comparing to other varieties. The compound bacterium agent treatment significantly promoted peanut main stem height and lateral branch length, while increasing pod mass and kernel mass per plant. The Trichoderma treatment enhanced the fruit-bearing branch rate, total number of pods, full-fruit rate, double-kernel pod rate, 100-pod mass, 100-kernel mass, and kernel-fruit ratio. In contrast, the seed coating Liangdun treatment reduced 100-pod mass and 100-kernel mass, significantly decreased the full-fruit rate and double-kernel pod rate, and resulted in lower pod mass and kernel mass per plant. All treatments increased peanut pod yield compared to the control treatment. Seed coating Liangdun achieved the highest pod yield as 2 505.43 kg/ha, showing significant differences with other treatments. Among varieties, Kanghuang1 exhibited the highest pod yield as 2 651.0 kg/ha, with significant differences comparing to other varieties. Among the two treatment combinations, the top three yield combinations were the variety Kanghuang1 treated with seed coating Liangdun, compound bacterium agent, and Trichoderma, with yields of 3 721.8, 2 887.22 and 2 383.46 kg/ha, respectively. In conclusion, Kanghuang1 was identified as a soil-borne disease-resistant variety among the three peanut bacterial wilt-resistant varieties, which demonstrated compatibility with multiple seed treatments, with the seed coating Liangdun showing the most effective synergy.
In this study, 26 different peanut germplasms were used as experimental materials, and the anthocyanin contents in different plant tissues of these germplasms were accurately measured using the pH differential method, through which the dynamic accumulation regularity of anthocyanin were systematically analyzed. The results indicated that: Genetic differences significantly impacted anthocyanin contents, and the peanuts with black-purple seed skin possessed particularly high levels of the anthocyanin contents. The distribution of anthocyanin was highly specific according to the plant tissues, among which the content in the seed skin was significantly higher than other tissues(exceeding that in roots by more than 113 fold), and so that highlighted the seed skin's role as the primary anthocyanin accumulation issue. Dynamic analysis revealed an overall upward trend in anthocyanin accumulation in the peanut seed skin during plant development, with peak accumulation occurred at seed maturation. Based on the above findings, in this study, the following application strategies are proposed as: 1) To ensure the sufficient accumulation of anthocyanin in the seed skin, the harvest period should be prolonged moderately. 2) The anthocyanin-enriched seed skin should be used as the core processing raw material to enhance the economic value of peanuts. 3) Preferentially selecting black-seed-skin peanut germplasms as parents to carry out genetic improvement of varieties with high anthocyanin content. The results of this study provide an important theoretical basis for the efficient development and utilization of peanut anthocyanin resources.
To elucidate the effects of calcium(Ca) application on the accumulation and translocation of dry matter, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) in peanuts, a field experiment was conducted using two peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars with contrasting sensitivity to calcium: Huayu22(Ca-sensitive) and L-2010(Ca-insensitive). Three calcium(CaO) application rates were treated as 0(T0), 150(T1), and 300 kg/ha(T2), and to quantify the effects of Ca input on pre-flowering translocation, post-flowering accumulation, and its contribution rate to the dry matter accumulation of pods and nutrient elements of N, P, and K, thereby providing a theoretical basis for optimizing Ca fertilization strategies to improve peanut yield and quality. The results indicated that, about the Ca-sensitive cultivar Huayu22, T1 treatment significantly increased the accumulation of N, P, and K at the flowering stage compared to the treatments of T0 and T2, with increases ranging from 26.7% to 57.1% and 26.7% to 37.4%, respectively. At maturity, the accumulation of N, P, and K in pods exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing Ca application, with all indicators performed best under T1 treatment. The translocation amounts of pre-flowering dry matter, N, P, and K under T1 treatment were significantly higher than those under T0 treatment, with the improvements ranging from 8.9% to 50.0%. The contribution rates of post-flowering dry matter and K accumulation to pod initially decreased and then increased with increasing Ca levels, with all indicators performing best under the T1 treatment. T1 treatment significantly enhanced 100-pod mass, 100-kernel mass, plump pod rate, kernel-fruit ratio and plant yield by 3.1% to 34.3% comparing to T0 treatment. About the Ca-insensitive cultivar L-2010, the T1 treatment significantly enhanced the N, P, and K accumulation at the flowering stage ranged from 6.1% to 23.4% comparing to the T0 treatment. The translocation of pre-flowering dry matter, N, P, and K under the T1 treatment was significantly greater than that under the T0 treatment, with respective increases of 50.4%, 51.1%, 25.7%, and 49.5%. The translocation rates of pre-flowering dry matter, N, and P also showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing Ca application, with optimal values observed under the T1 treatment. In contrast, the post-flowering accumulation of N and K under the T1 treatment was significantly reduced by 37.7% and 33.3%, respectively, comparing with the T0 treatment. In conclusion, the application of 150 kg/ha CaO significantly improved the accumulation and translocation of dry matter, N, P, and K in peanuts, particularly in the Ca-sensitive cultivar, and increased peanut yield. Therefore, 150 kg/ha is recommended as the optimal Ca application rate for enhancing the peanut yield and quality.
To analyze the main agronomic traits and seed quality characteristics of peanut varieties in the Huang-Huai region, 147 main cultivated peanut varieties were selected as experimental materials. The DUS(Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) test technique was used to investigate 21 visual traits and 8 measurable traits, as well as 16 seed quality indicators were determined. Comprehensive methods including genetic diversity analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis were applied to analyze the phenotypic traits and seed quality characteristics of peanut varieties in this region. The results showed that the peanut varieties in the Huang-Huai region exhibited high consistency in visual traits, e.g. all varieties had main stem flowering, sequential branching, and nearly cylindrical seeds without secondary color. At the same time, traits such as leaf color, seed skin and testa color still expressed rich diversity. The coefficient of variation for measurable traits ranged from 6.74% to 18.44%, with main stem length, lateral branch length, and branch number showing greater variation, while kernel-fruit ratio and leaflet length were relatively stable. The mature seeds of the tested peanut varieties generally had high oil content(51.64%) and widely varied crude protein content(18.64%-32.49%), the oleic acid and linoleic acid showed a highly significant negative correlation(-0.99), and crude protein had highly significant positive correlations with phenylalanine and arginine(0.99 and 0.98). Cluster analysis divided the varieties into four groups: Group I had high kernel-fruit ratio and high oil content; Group II had tall plants with high protein and amino acid content; Group III exhibited balanced traits; Group IV had prominent oleic acid content. This study systematically reveals the consistency and diversity characteristics of the main peanut varieties in the Huang-Huai region, providing a scientific basis for precision breeding and sustainable development of the peanut industry.
To investigate the effects of different peanut varieties and their processing techniques on the volatile compounds in edible peanuts, two traditional export peanut varieties(Huayu22, Luhua10) were selected in this study to analyze their differences in volatile flavor compounds among their raw kernels, roasted in-shell peanuts(roasted pods), and roasted shelled kernels(roasted kernels). Analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry(GC-IMS) combining with Odor Activity Values(OAV).The results revealed that 34 volatile compounds were identified in raw kernels, among which Huayu22 and Luhua10 contained 16 and 5 unique dominant volatile compounds, respectively. A total of 14 compounds exhibited OAVs greater than 1, with key flavor compounds including 3-methylbutan-1-ol and(E)-2-hexenal. Roasting significantly increased the number of volatile compounds to 59, with 40 compounds exhibiting OAVs greater than 1. Distinct flavor profiles were observed between roasted pods and roasted kernels: Benzaldehyde and 2,6-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine showed significantly higher OAVs in roasted pods, contributing nutty and fruity-sweet notes. Conversely, 2-pentylfuran, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and hexan-1-ol exhibited significantly higher OAVs in roasted kernels, contributing beany and whisky-like aromas. Huayu22 demonstrated more abundant volatile compound profile than Luhua10. The contents of compounds contributing nutty and fruity-sweet notes in the raw kernels and processed products of Huayu22 were significantly higher than those of Luhua10. This study elucidates the mechanism by which variety and processing methods synergistically regulate peanut flavor: Varieties provide the material basis, while processing methods shape the aroma profile by altering the odor activity values(OAVs) of key compounds. The findings provide a basis for selection of flavor-optimized varieties and improvement of processing techniques to enhance the flavor quality of peanut products.
In this study, an integrated enzymatic-alkaline hydrolysis method was developed to extract insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) from peanut shell and determine its basic composition. The in vitro simulated digestion test of peanut shell IDF was carried out, and the peanut shell IDF noodles was developed. The results showed, the extraction rate of peanut shell IDF achieved a yield of(74.46±0.36)% with excellent functional properties, the extracted IDF demonstrated outstanding oil-holding capacity as(2.03±0.14) g/g, swelling capacity as(4.70±0.03) mL/g, and the binding rates of IDF to sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate as 87.00% and 89.67%, respectively. Peanut shell IDF has strong glucose absorption capacity, and they are mainly digested in the small intestine, showing excellent anti-gastric digestion performance. The optimum formula of peanut shell IDF noodles was determined by single factor test combining with response surface optimization method as: 8 g peanut shell IDF, 20 g vital wheat gluten, 2 g NaCl, 192 g high-gluten flour, and 70 mL water. The prepared noodles exhibited improved textural properties(hardness 155.93 g, elasticity 0.98, resilience 0.26), functional performance(111.51% water absorption, 37.56% cooking loss), and consumer acceptability(sensory score 89/100). These results confirmed the dual functionality of peanut shell IDF as both nutritional enhancer and texture modifier in food processing. This research contributed to the sustainable utilization of agro-waste resources and provided practical solutions for developing functional foods with enhanced dietary fiber content, bridging the gap between agricultural sustainability and nutritional innovation.
Soil salinization is a significant type of abiotic stress impacting peanut growth. Therefore, it is crucial to identify superior cultivars exhibiting high-quality and strong dormancy for expanding peanut cultivation area. In this study, a total of 24 high-yield peanut cultivars were evaluated separately in a saline-alkali plot located in the Yellow River Delta experimental field and a normal plot located in the south of Xiaoqing River, Guangrao. Seven morphological quality traits, four nutritional quality traits, and seed dormancy were measured, followed by significance testing and statistical analysis. The results showed that:(1) Saline-alkali stress increased the proportion of seeds with light-yellow seed testa or seed skin cracking.(2) The stress significantly enhanced seed dormancy of Huayu6303, Huayu71, and Huayu9311, while it notably weakened dormancy of five cultivars including Huayu6304, Huayu6311, and Huayu6313, etc.(3) Saline-alkali stress significantly or highly significantly increased crude fat content in 16 cultivars(e.g., Huayu6306, Huayu6313, Huayu67, etc). Additionally, it highly significantly or significantly increased the crude protein content of Huayu9307 and Huayu9312, whereas decreased that of Huayu67, Huayu9303, Huayu6303, and Huayu9305. The stress significantly reduced the O/L ratio of five cultivars including Huayu6303 and Huayu71, etc. Finally, Huayu67, Huayu9306, and Huayu6309, exhibiting strong dormancy and high oil content, Huayu6306, Huayu6307, and Huayu6310, exhibiting strong dormancy and high protein content, and Huayu9310 exhibiting strong dormancy and high O/L value, and these seven cultivars were screened for further cultivation in the coastal saline-alkali area of the Yellow River Delta.
Research on plant oxygen-sensing mechanisms has demonstrated that cysteine oxidase genes(PCOs) serve as critical oxygen sensors, modulating oxygen-responsive signaling pathways to support the normal growth and development of plant under stress conditions, thereby conferring a significant survival advantage. The coding sequence(CDS) of the peanut AhPCO gene was successfully cloned in this study, which spans 843 bp and encodes a protein consisting of 281 amino acids with a theoretical isoelectric point(pI) of 6.06. The protein exhibits hydrophilicity, instability, and lack of signal peptide, and is primarily localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close evolutionary relationship between the AhPCO protein and AtPCO1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of the AhPCO promoter region suggested that the transcription may be induced by abscisic acid(ABA) and anaerobic conditions. The qPCR results showed that AhPCO exhibits tissue-specific expression, with the expression levels in different peanut tissues as the following order: seed > stem > root > leaf > flower. Stress treatment experiments showed that, compared with the control group, AhPCO expression was significantly upregulated after 2 h of high-temperature treatment and 12 h of salt stress. In contrast, AhPCO expression decreased significantly after 15 d of drought stress, and increased sharply while following 1 d of rehydration. Although the expression gradually declined over the subsequent 2 to 4 d, it remained higher than that in the control. The AhPCO gene is significantly regulated by various abiotic stresses, including high temperature, salinity, drought, and rehydration, and exhibits tissue-specific expression patterns. It may play a crucial regulatory role in the stress response and recovery processes of peanuts under environmental stress conditions. This study lays a theoretical foundation for elucidating the function of AhPCO gene and provides potential genetic resources for breeding stress-tolerant, high-quality peanut varieties.