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Peanut skin, an important peanut processing by-product, has high-value utilization but is limited due to its strong astringency. The lactic acid bacteria fermentation technology was employed in this study, using the self-screened Lactobacillus bulgaricus PS-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus PS-3 as the starter cultures. The fermentation process was systematically optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, aiming to simultaneously achieve the de-astringency and enhance the antioxidant activity. The de-astringency effect was evaluated using the electronic tongue and fluorescence quenching experiment, while antioxidant capacity was comprehensively assessed through DPPH, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. The results showed that the fermentation models for both lactic acid bacteria were extremely significant(P<0.000,1), but the influencing factors varied according to strains. The effect of substrate concentration on the astringency response value was the most significant for Lactobacillus bulgaricus, while the inoculation amount exerted the greatest influence on the antioxidant activity response value. For Streptococcus thermophilus, the inoculation amount had the most substantial impact on both response values. The optimized fermentation process conditions were as follows: for Lactobacillus bulgaricus, inoculation amount as 0.92×108 CFU/L, substrate concentration as 1.25 g/L, temperature as 45 ℃, time as 29h; and for Streptococcus thermophilus, inoculation amount as 1.1×108 CFU/L, substrate concentration as 0.93 g/L, temperature as 40 ℃ time as 24 h. Validation experiments confirmed the reliability of the models(error<5%). Quality analysis revealed that, after fermentation, the astringency value significantly decreased(electronic tongue response value reduced to 43.64%-61.57% of the unfermented sample), and fluorescence quenching experiments confirmed the reduction of astringent substances. In vitro antioxidant activity confirmed that the antioxidant activity was significantly enhanced. Streptococcus thermophilus showed greater advantage in scavenging superoxide anion radicals(IC50=1.62 mg/mL), while Lactobacillus bulgaricus exhibited stronger scavenging ability against hydroxyl radicals(IC50=0.24 mg/mL). It is confirmed in this study that lactic acid bacteria fermentation can synergistically improve the edible quality and functional activity of peanut skin. The two strains exhibited complementary characteristics, providing a reliable technical pathway and theoretical support for the high-value development of peanut skin.
Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed and economic crop, yet its tolerance to low temperature is relatively limited. Low-temperature stress severely impairs seedling survival, growth, development, and final fruit yield. Thus, the identification of cold-tolerance genes is crucial for safeguarding production and facilitating breeding improvement. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed with the cultivar Huayu6316 to analyze gene expression profiles at 0 h and 2 h under low-temperature stress. A total of 3,806 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified in response to the stress. The majority of these DEGs were significantly enriched in conserved pathways, including photosynthesis, active oxygen metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, hormone signal transduction, and notably, the circadian clock pathway. Importantly, the involvement of the circadian clock pathway in the early response to low-temperature stress was revealed in this study. The rapid upregulation of its core genes suggested that the circadian system was deeply engaged in low-temperature signal perception and the coordinated construction of regulatory networks, offering a new theoretical perspective for understanding the cold-tolerance mechanisms in crops. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) validation of 21 key DEGs from various pathways led to the identification of several promising cold-tolerance candidate genes, including Ah14g358300, Ah14g142600, Ah09g008300, Ah03g413700, and Ah09g196000. This study provided a theoretical foundation for further exploration of cold-tolerance genes, elucidation of their underlying mechanisms, and breeding improvement.
Huayu33, a high-yielding, high-quality, and disease-resistant peanut variety developed by Shandong Peanut Research Institute, exhibits rapid seedling emergence, uniform seedling growth, well-developed root system, and strong stress resistance. In order to analyze the mechanism of peanut stress resistance through the aspect of physiological characteristics, the stress-tolerant variety Huayu33, the salt sensitive variety Huayu9115, and the cold sensitive line P17-128 were taken as experimental materials in this study, and the effects of salt and cold stresses on the physiological characteristics of peanut seedlings were evaluated by physiological index measurement and comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the relative activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD), the relative content of chlorophyll(Chl), soluble sugar(Ss) and proline(PRO) in Huayu33 were higher than those in the sensitive variety(line) with the increase of stress time, while the relative content of malondialdehyde(MDA) in the sensitive variety(line) was slightly higher than that in Huayu33. These results indicated that Huayu33 had stronger antioxidant capacity, osmotic regulation ability, and membrane stability. Under salt stress, the relative activity of SOD and POD, and the relative content of Chl and PRO in Huayu33 increased significantly, indicating that the salt tolerance is mainly enhanced by synthesizing more antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll, and proline. When subjected to cold stress for 48 hours, the relative activities of SOD and POD, and the relative content of PRO in Huayu33 increased, while the relative content of MDA decreased. This suggests that the plant mitigates oxidative damage by accumulating antioxidant enzymes and osmotic regulatory substances to eliminate reactive oxygen species, thereby improves its cold tolerance. The comprehensive evaluation analysis showed that the peanut seedling physiological response was the strongest and the comprehensive score was the highest after 48 h of stress. The comprehensive score of Huayu33 was always higher than that of the sensitive variety(line), and its tolerance was more stable. The physiological mechanism of salt and cold tolerance in Huayu33 was preliminarily studied, which provided the theoretical basis and germplasm resources for the analysis of salt and cold tolerance and the breeding of peanut germplasms with high tolerance.
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound, and breeding peanut varieties with high resveratrol content has become an emerging objective in peanut breeding. Establishing a non-destructive detection technology for resveratrol in peanut kernels is conducive to improving the efficiency of breeding selection. In this study, the resveratrol content in kernels of 200 peanut germplasms from Northeast China was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The near-infrared prediction model for resveratrol content in peanut kernels was constructed via partial least squares(PLS) with a near-infrared spectrometer. After parameter optimization, the optimal coefficient of determination(R2) reached 0.931,2, and the root mean square error of cross-validation(RMSECV) was 0.066,4. Validation with the model test set showed that the prediction coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.962,3, and the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) was 0.057,2, which meets the criteria of an excellent model. Independent prediction was performed 7 days after model construction, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the measured values. The established model has high accuracy, excellent generalization ability, strong applicability and stability. It can also be applied to early-generation detection in peanut breeding, providing technical support for the selection and breeding of new high-quality and special-purpose of high resveratrol content peanut varieties.
Analyzing the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of competitiveness about the 14 provinces in four major peanut-producing regions of China and identifying their core driving factors are crucial for alleviating competitive involution in main producing areas and promoting the high-quality development of the peanut industry. Based on the theories of comparative advantage and resource endowment, a multidimensional evaluation system encompassing regional economy, industrial scale, factor resources, and trade was constructed. The global principal component analysis(GPCA) method was employed to dynamically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of inter-provincial competitiveness from 2018 to 2023, while the synergistic effects of driving factors were quantified through variance contribution rate decomposition. The results indicate that: 1) Inter-provincial competitiveness exhibits a gradient differentiation characterized as Northeast leading, Huang-Huai-Hai closely following, South China accumulating momentum, and the Yangtze River Basin under pressure. Resource endowment and industrial scale are the primary sources of regional differences. 2) Regional development level is the foremost driver of competitiveness, with industrial scale and resource allocation synergistically enhancing performance. Technological innovation and policy support further strengthen the dynamic competitive advantages by optimizing the combination of production factors. 3) The temporal evolution shows a trend of conversion from old to new growth drivers, through which emerging production areas are rapidly rising through technological innovation and policy support, while traditional production areas face growth stagnation due to lagging resource conversion or production efficiency bottlenecks. Based on these findings, the following region-specific policy recommendations are proposed: 1) Implement the resource transformation and value chain extension strategy in the Northeast region to convert resource advantages into economic benefits; strengthen the supply chain stabilization and risk hedging initiative in the Huang-Huai-Hai region to consolidate scale advantages and enhance risk resilience. 2) Establish a high-value trade and innovation hub in the South China region to strengthen its competitive position in the global industrial chain. 3) Launch the factor enhancement and specialized transformation project in the Yangtze River Basin to promote its transition toward green and distinctive development pathways. Through this differentiated and systematic policy portfolio, complementary advantages and synergistic development about the production regions can be fostered, thereby ensuring national grain and oil security, and supporting rural industrial revitalization.
If not promptly dried after harvest, peanuts are highly susceptible to frost damage, which leading to negative effects on their quality. 29 high oleic acid and 2 conventional peanut varieties(lines) were used as material in this study. Peanut pods were harvested and sun-dried in the field, with moisture content measured to investigate the variations in pod dehydration rates among different varieties. The relationship between dehydration rates and meteorological factors as well as fruit traits of peanuts was analyzed. Results indicated that the dehydration rates varied among peanut varieties as ranging from 2.07%/d to 6.29%/d. Cluster analysis at a squared Euclidean distance of 7 divided the 31 varieties into four categories: extremely fast dehydration as 6.29%/d, fast dehydration as(4.31%-4.79%)/d, moderate dehydration as(3.41%-4.12%)/d, and slow dehydration as(2.07%-3.16%)/d. The dehydration rate of peanut pods was significantly correlated with most of the studied meteorological factors. Based on stepwise regression and path analysis, the daily minimum temperature, average humidity, and the daily minimum soil temperature were identified as the primary meteorological factors influencing the pod dehydration rate, exhibiting significant negative correlations. The pod dehydration rate showed a significant positive correlation with both 100-pod mass and 100-kernel mass. Research indicated that peanut varieties(lines) with good comprehensive fruit traits and rapid dehydration rate include 21NC20, Jihua136, Jihua2912 and 15H109.
Re-planting problem has become a widespread issue constraining the sustainable development of the peanut industry. Therefore, systematic identification and evaluation of re-planting tolerant peanut cultivars, along with an in-depth analysis of their correlations with key traits, are fundamental research urgently needed at present. In this study, 15 peanut cultivars were planted in fields subjected to six, seven, and eight years of continuous cropping, respectively. Thirteen agronomic and yield-related traits were measured, and correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships among these traits. The results revealed significant correlations exist between agronomic and yield traits. Four principal components were extracted from the 13 trait groups by principal component analysis, with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.31%. Membership function analysis identified the top three performing cultivars in the six-year continuous cropping field as Huayu917, Longhua10, and Huayu9116; in the seven-year continuous cropping field as Huayu9125, Huayu9112, and Huayu9116; and in the eight-year continuous cropping field as Huayu9112, Huayu33, and Huayu9121. Finally, through cluster analysis, four peanut cultivars with outstanding re-planting tolerance were comprehensively identified as Huayu9116, Huayu33, Huayu9121, and Huayu9112. Additionally, five cultivars with moderate re-planting tolerance were selected as Huayu9118, Huayu23, Huayu917, Huayu9125, and Huayu9117. Correlation analysis between cultivars and traits indicated that re-planting tolerant cultivars exhibit relatively stable yield and plant architecture traits. A theoretical basis for the selection and promotion of re-planting tolerant peanut cultivars are provided in this study.
To provide a control strategy against peanut pod rot during the peanut pod-bearing stage, The strains with biocontrol effect on peanut pod rot pathogen Fusarium neosporum were screened by confrontation test. The taxonomic status of the target strain was determined through the morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characterization, and whole-genome sequencing analysis, which was identified as Bacillus paralicheniformis A1. Subsequently, a powdered microbial inoculant containing Bacillus paralicheniformis A1, Bacillus subtilis NXO3, and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus GF-32a was prepared with a viable count of 5.0×108 CFU/g for field application. Results demonstrated that Bacillus paralicheniformis A1 exhibited a phosphate solubilization rate of 1.12%, the yield of γ-polyglutamic acid reached 3.1 g/L, and showed a 49.83% inhibition rate against Fusarium neosporum XL-3-5. In field trials conducted in eastern Hebei, the application of 600 kg/ha of powdered microbial inoculant I before rainfall resulted in the plot plant incidence rate(PPIR) of 33.81%, control efficacy of 57.58%, and rotten pod rate of 17.44% in experimental field 1. While in experimental field 2, the PPIR was 18.21%, control efficacy reached 51.85%, and rotten pod rate was 9.71%. The control efficacy in both fields was significantly higher than that of the conventional control(P<0.05). In trials in central-southern Hebei, the average pod yield of different peanut varieties in the conventional control group was 5,354.4 kg/ha, whereas the application of 675 kg/ha of powdered microbial inoculant II before rainfall increased the average pod yield of different peanut varieties to 6,595.05 kg/ha, corresponding to a significant average yield increase of 20.88%. These results indicate that applying the compound microbial inoculant of Bacillus paralicheniformis A1 at the early occurrence of peanut pod rot can effectively control the disease and increase peanut yield, which provides technical support for the prevention and control of peanut pod rot.
In order to investigate the ultrasonic-assisted stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis of peanut protein isolate for the preparation of peanut peptides and evaluation of their antioxidant activities,single-factor experiment,steepest ascent experiment,and Plackett-Burman design were employed to screen four factors with significant effects(substrate concentration,enzyme dosage-Ⅰ,temperature,and enzyme dosage-Ⅱ).Subsequently,response surface methodology(RSM) based on Box-Behnken design was applied for further optimization.The results demonstrated that under the optimal conditions(substrate concentration as 2.91%,enzyme dosage-Ⅰ as 0.83%,temperature as 54 ℃,enzyme dosage-Ⅱ as 0.38%),the theoretical values of peanut peptide nitrogen content and zinc chelation rate were 23.07 mg/mL and 38.73%,respectively.The experimental validation values were(23.51±0.36) mg/mL and(38.25±0.24)%,respectively,with all deviations within 2%.These findings indicate that the Plackett-Burman design combined with response surface methodology can effectively achieve ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis for preparing peanut peptides with high zinc-chelating activity.Additionally,the IC50 values of peanut peptides for molybdenum reducing power,hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity,and ferrous ion chelating ability were all below 5.00 mg/mL.The IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging capacity,cupric ion chelating ability,and ferric reducing power were all under 8.50 mg/mL,while those for superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation inhibition were 26.09 mg/mL and 31.57 mg/mL,respectively.Consequently,this study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of peanut peptides-derived zinc-chelating complexes with antioxidant activities.
To investigate the drought tolerance characteristics of different peanut germplasms, screen out the drought-tolerant germplasms, and establish evaluation criteria, 25 peanut germplasms were utilized as materials in this experiment. The treatments of normal irrigation and drought stress were established in a rain-proof greenhouse, and the peanuts' photosynthetic characteristics, morphological indicators, and yield traits during the flowering and pegging stages were measured and analyzed, as well as a comprehensive drought resistance evaluation was conducted using principal component analysis, cluster analysis, membership functions, and the composite drought resistance coefficient(CDC). The results showed that drought stress significantly suppressed stomatal conductance and transpiration rates, while its effects on other photosynthetic parameters varied among germplasms. The average pod mass per plant decreased significantly for most germplasms, with agronomic traits exhibiting pronounced interspecific differences in response to drought stress. Principal component analysis optimized the original trait indicators into four new composite drought resistance indices, achieving a cumulative contribution rate of 81.65%. Cluster analysis grouped the 25 peanut germplasms into three categories as drought-tolerant peanut materials(5 samples, 20% of the total), moderately drought-tolerant peanut materials(11 samples, 44% of the total), and drought-sensitive peanut materials(9 samples, 36% of the total). The research findings provide a material foundation and theoretical basis for the screening of drought-tolerant germplasm resources and the breeding of drought-resistant varieties.